quote below) and numerous articles, are of direct relevance to 
the student of the effects of Gutenberg technology. Ong’s 
investigation of the role of visualization in later medieval logic 
and philosophy is our direct concern here, for visualization and 
quantification are near twins. Earlier we have seen how, for the 
humanists, medieval glosses, illumination, and architectural 
modes had all served the art of memory. Also, the medieval 
dialecticians pursued their oral courses well into the sixteenth 
century:

     The invention of printing invited large-scale manipulation 
     of words in space and gave new urgency to the drive 
     toward handling logic or dialectic quantitatively, a drive 
     long manifest in the medieval arts scholostics. . . . The 
     tendency for quantitative or quasi-quantitative 
     manipulation of logic to dissipate itself in memory devices